El sistema de salud colombiano y el reconocimiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Colombian Health System and the recognition of Alzheimer's disease

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la más común de las demencias; es un problema de salud pública en el mundo, pero en Colombia no hace parte de las prioridades del Estado. El presente ensayo aborda cómo el sistema de salud colombiano reconoce, identifica y provee servicios a los pacientes con EA, desde una óptica de la justicia social. En primera medida, se evalúa la información generada por la academia, su correlato con la normativa vigente y su articulación. Se explora la lógica utilitarista del sistema de salud colombiano y el incentivo a la maximización de ganancias de los aseguradores y cómo esto ha llevado a los pacientes a exigir la restitución de derechos a través de la acción de tutela. Se explora el sistema de codificación y diagnóstico usado para la generación de información y cómo esta es imprecisa en los canales de información consolidada. Por otra parte, se valora cómo el rol de la familia se hace parte fundamental del proceso y termina siendo víctima. Finalmente, se plantean reflexiones sobre cómo pueden abordarse las dificultades identificadas desde la perspectiva de la justicia social.

ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest of dementias; Although, it is a public health problem in the world, but in Colombia it is not a policy priority. The present essay addresses how the Colombian health system recognizes, identifies and provides services to patients with AD, using the Social Justice perspective. First, the knowledge generated by the academy and its correlation with current regula-tions are evaluated. Then, the utilitarian logic of the Colombian health system is explo-red, with an incentive to maximize insurers revenue that has led to patients demanding the restitution of rights through the "acción de tutela". Also, the diagnostic and coding system, used for the generation of information, is explored, addressing its imprecisions the information channels. On the other hand, it is valued how the role of the family becomes a fundamental part of the process, and how it ends up being a victim of it. Finally, reflections on how the identified difficulties can be addressed from a Social Justice perspective are provided.

Impairment, disability, and handicap associated with hearing problems and voice disorders among Colombian teachers / Deficiencia, discapacidad y minusvalía asociadas a los problemas de voz y audición en profesores colombianos

Objectives: 1. define the occurrence of work-related hearing problems and voice disorders among teachers that have contacted the Colombian National Board of Disability Assessment (NBDA) for follow-up; 2. identify individual associated factors of hearing problems and voice disorders among teachers; 3. assess the limitations and restrictions due to hearing problems and voice disorders among these participants. Methods: Retrospective study. The National Database of the Colombian NBDA was reviewed. Information on distributions of occupation, individual characteristics, and diagnosis code (ICD-10) was analyzed. Results: Communication disorders among teachers that have contacted the Colom-bian NBDA for follow-up included voice disorders, with a prevalence of 51%, and hearing problems, with a prevalence of 7%. Female teachers who have contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up were 4 times more likely to be identified as having voice disorders compared with their male colleagues. Conclusions: While teachers that have contacted the Colombian NBDA for fol-low-up have a high occurrence of voice disorders, hearing problems are more likely to be stated as a debilitating condition. One possible explanation is that teachers who contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up continued working even when many voice symptoms were evident, while hearing problems would prevent a teacher from interacting with students, thereby affecting the teaching-learning process soon-er. Nevertheless, with both voice and hearing problems, work performance and social interaction is affected, and, therefore, quality of life is reduced.

Objetivos: 1. definir la ocurrencia de problemas de audición y de voz relacionados con el trabajo de docentes que contactaron la Junta Nacional de Evaluación de la Discapacidad de Colombia (NBDA) para su seguimiento; 2. identificar los factores individuales asociados a los problemas de audición y voz entre los profesores; 3. eva-luar las limitaciones y restricciones debidas a problemas de audición y voz asociados al trabajo entre los participantes.Métodos: estudio retrospectivo. Se revisó la Base de Datos Nacional de la NBDA colombiana. Se analizó información sobre distribuciones de ocupación, característi-cas individuales y código de diagnóstico (CIE-10).Resultados: Los trastornos de comunicación entre los docentes que han contacta-do a la NBDA colombiana para seguimiento incluyeron problemas de la voz, con una prevalencia del 51%, y problemas de audición, con una prevalencia del 7%. Las pro-fesoras que se han puesto en contacto con la NBDA colombiana para el seguimiento tenían 4 veces más probabilidades de ser identificadas con trastornos de la voz en comparación con sus colegas masculinos.Conclusiones: Si bien los maestros que contactaron a la NBDA colombiana para el seguimiento tienen una alta incidencia de trastornos de la voz, es más probable que los problemas de audición se consideren una condición debilitante. Una posible ex-plicación es que los maestros que se comunicaron con la NBDA colombiana para el seguimiento continuaron trabajando incluso cuando muchos síntomas vocales eran evidentes, mientras que los problemas de audición evitarían que un maestro inte-ractuara con los estudiantes, afectando así el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Sin embargo, tanto con los problemas de voz como de audición, el desempeño laboral y la interacción social se ven afectados y, por lo tanto, la calidad de vida se reduce.

Personas con discapacidad, salud laboral y capacidades en las leyes del 2011-2020 / People with disabilities, occupational health and capacities in laws from 2011-2020 / Pessoas com deficiência, saúde do trabalhador e capacidades nas leis de 2011-2020

Objetivo: Identificar los conceptos de capacidades en las leyes relacionadas con la salud laboral para las personas con discapacidad en Colombia entre el 2011 y 2019. Materiales y método: Cualitativo con un enfoque metodológico es el hermenéutico-comprensivo a través de un análisis de contenido. Resultados: El estudio evidenció algunos conceptos de capacidades relacionados con las posibilidades que tienen las personas con discapacidad de elegir funcionamientos valiosos para su vida sin embargo las normas siguen presentando vacíos en cuanto a la definición de capacidad y una orientación hacia los funcionamientos que no permiten a las personas con discapacidad desarrollar sus capacidades. Conclusiones: Desde la perspectiva de la salud pública, son claras las desigualdades que pretenden solucionar las normas, pero puede afirmarse que, desde lo legislativo, las capacidades son abordadas desde conceptos muy generales y con elementos básicos respecto al desarrollo de capacidades de las personas con discapacidad y por lo tanto la posibilidad de evitar la discriminación de esta población en los entornos laborales sigue siendo un reto de cara a la práctica y la inclusión social

Objective: Identify the concepts of capacities in laws related to occupational health for people with disabilities in Colombia, between 2011 and 2020. Materials and methods: Qualitative study with hermeneutic-comprehensive methodological approach through the analysis of the content. The tracking of information was made through the annual reports from the Congress of Colombia found in digital archives denominated gazettes, issued between 2011- 2020. Law 361 of 1997, which regulates the reinforced labor stability was also included. For the processing of information, the 8th version of the program Atlas/Ti was used. The categories for analysis that were considered were: health, work, employment, labor disability, and capacities. Results: The study showed some capacity concepts related to the possibilities of people with disabilities of choosing valuable functions for their life: however, laws keep presenting voids regarding the definition of capacity and an orientation towards working operations that do not allow people with disabilities to develop their skills. Conclusions: From the public health standpoint, the inequalities that the laws pretend to solve are clear; but it can be claimed, from a legislative perspective, that the capacities are addressed from very general concepts and with basic elements. On the other hand, regarding the development of skills in people with disabilities and the possibility of avoiding discrimination for this population in work environments, it remains a challenge for practice and social inclusion.

Objetivo: Identificar os conceitos de capacidades nas leis relacionadas com a saúde do trabalhador para as pessoas com deficiência na Colômbia, entre 2011 e 2020. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo com metodologia hermenêutico-compreensiva na análise de conteúdo. A procura da informação realizou-se através dos anais do Congresso da República que repousam em arquivos digitais nomeados "gacetas", produzidos desde 2011 a 2020. Para o processamento da informação empregou-se o software Atlas/Ti, versão 8. As categorias na análise foram: saúde, trabalho, emprego, deficiência laboral e capacidades. Resultados: O estudo evidenciou alguns conceitos de capacidades relacionados com as possibilidades que tem as pessoas com deficiência de escolher funcionamentos de valor para as suas vidas; entretanto, as normas continuam apresentando vazios na definição de capacidade e à orientação aos funcionamentos, impedindo que às pessoas com deficiência desenvolver as suas capacidades. Conclusões: Na perspectiva de saúde pública, são claras as desigualdades que pretendem solucionar com as normas, porém desde a legislação, as capacidades são definidas com conceitos superficiais e básicos. Por outro lado, em relação com desenvolvimento de capacidades nas pessoas com deficiência e a possibilidade de evitar a discriminação e preconceito no ambiente de trabalho, continua sendo um desafio de cara à prática e à inclusão social.

Política y práctica: servicios de fonoaudiología y terapia ocupacional para la primera infancia colombiana / Policies and practices: Speech-Language Pathology and Occupational Therapy services provision to early childhood in Colombia

Resumen La fonoaudiología y la terapia ocupacional son profesiones que, dentro de la extensión de sus campos de acción, deben velar por el adecuado desarrollo de los niños en el contexto cotidiano, promoviendo así habilidades y capacidades vitales para el crecimiento integral. En ese sentido, el objetivo del presente texto es reflexionar acerca del rol profesional y los respectivos servicios que pueden ofrecer estas disciplinas en el marco de la estrategia "De Cero a Siempre" y la promulgación de la Ley 1804 de 2016 para la primera infancia. Esta reflexión se nutre de las políticas, lineamientos y programas nacionales e internacionales del período 2005-2016 y plantea un análisis crítico sobre las acciones, las funciones y el rol de estas profesiones, con énfasis particular en la atención primaria en salud.

Abstract Speech-Language Pathology and Occupational Therapy are professions that, within the scope of their fields of action, must ensure the adequate development of children in their daily context, thus promoting essential skills and abilities for a comprehensive growth. In this sense, the objective of this article is to reflect on the professional role and the services offered by these disciplines within the framework of the "De Cero a Siempre" (From Zero to Forever) strategy and the enactment of Law 1804 of 2016 for early childhood. This reflection draws on national and international policies, guidelines and programs for the period 2005-2016 and proposes a critical analysis of the actions, functions and role of these professions, with a particular emphasis on primary health care.

Prevención y manejo de la discapacidad para trabajar: un campo de estudios necesario para abordar los retos del sistema colombiano de riesgos laborales / Work Disability Prevention: an area of study needed to address the Colombian system challenges in occupational risks

RESUMEN El artículo de revisión temática busca mostrar la importancia que tiene estudiar, introducir e implementar en Colombia el campo Work Disability Prevention, traducido al español como Prevención y Manejo de la Discapacidad para Trabajar, derivado de una investigación doctoral. La revisión se estructura a partir del diálogo entre la revisión de literatura, los hallazgos del análisis del Sistema Colombiano de riesgos Laborales, y los datos de la situación actual de los trabajadores en materia de salud en Colombia, lo cual plantea una serie de interrogantes que estructuran el desarrollo de este artículo. El análisis se realiza desde los factores determinantes de la discapacidad para trabajar, su definición y los retos que esto impone a los diferentes actores dentro del Sistema General de Seguridad Social, implicados en el proceso de prevención, atención, rehabilitación, compensación y retorno al trabajo.(AU)

ABSTRACT This paper aims to address the importance of study, introduce and implement the issue of prevention and management of work disability in Colombia. Text structure responses to questions ranging from the current situation of workers and their health in Colombia, from the importance of studying this subject; the approach of the determinants of work disability; its definition, to the challenges settled for different actors in the Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Social involved in the process of prevention, care, rehabilitation, compensation, and return home.(AU)

[Work Disability Prevention: an area of study needed to address the Colombian system challenges in occupational risks]. / Prevención y manejo de la discapacidad para trabajar: un campo de estudios necesario para abordar los retos del sistema colombiano de riesgos laborales.

This paper aims to address the importance of study, introduce and implement the issue of prevention and management of work disability in Colombia. Text structure responses to questions ranging from the current situation of workers and their health in Colombia, from the importance of studying this subject; the approach of the determinants of work disability; its definition, to the challenges settled for different actors in the Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Social involved in the process of prevention, care, rehabilitation, compensation, and return home.

El artículo de revisión temática busca mostrar la importancia que tiene estudiar, introducir e implementar en Colombia el campo Work Disability Prevention, traducido al español como Prevención y Manejo de la Discapacidad para Trabajar, derivado de una investigación doctoral. La revisión se estructura a partir del diálogo entre la revisión de literatura, los hallazgos del análisis del Sistema Colombiano de riesgos Laborales, y los datos de la situación actual de los trabajadores en materia de salud en Colombia, lo cual plantea una serie de interrogantes que estructuran el desarrollo de este artículo. El análisis se realiza desde los factores determinantes de la discapacidad para trabajar, su definición y los retos que esto impone a los diferentes actores dentro del Sistema General de Seguridad Social, implicados en el proceso de prevención, atención, rehabilitación, compensación y retorno al trabajo.

Análisis cualitativo del concepto y praxis de rehabilitación integral percibido por distintos actores involucrados / Qualitative analysis of the concept and practice of comprehensive rehabilitation perceived by stakeholder actors

Resumen Introducción. La rehabilitación integral es un concepto de difícil consenso, dado que es resultado de una evolución histórica. Objetivo. Presentar los hallazgos del estudio "Acceso a los servicios de rehabilitación integral en Colombia: una aproximación desde los conceptos y las prácticas de distintos actores sociales" y describir las comprensiones de la rehabilitación integral de parte de diversos actores desde una perspectiva comprensiva de la discapacidad. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, cualitativo y de múltiples fuentes de evidencia para identificar las percepciones de actores responsables de formular e implementar políticas públicas (FP), académicos (A), profesionales (P), representantes de organizaciones sociales (OS), gestores de servicios (GS), gestores y profesionales de servicios de educación inclusiva (EI), personas con discapacidad (PCD) y cuidadores (C), involucrados en la rehabilitación integral en una ciudad colombiana. Se realizaron entrevistas a 18 actores y se desarrollaron seis grupos focales. Para el análisis de datos, se usó el Atlas ti(r), el acuerdo entre jueces y el análisis de las narrativas. Resultados. La rehabilitación integral es percibida de distintas maneras por los actores, entre las que priman tres concepciones de ella: como resultado de un proceso de rehabilitación funcional, como derecho y como garante de inclusión social. Conclusiones. Mientras exista diversidad y dispersión acerca de la rehabilitación integral, será difícil concebir, implementar, evaluar y participar activamente en dicho proceso. En consecuencia, las barreras de acceso a ella se incrementarán y estará lejos de entenderse como un derecho que se ejerce desde una visión integral de ser humano. Dicho esto, se enuncian implicaciones para la academia, los prestadores de servicios y las políticas públicas.

Abstract Introduction: Comprehensive rehabilitation is a difficult concept since it is the result of historical evolution. Objective: To present the findings of the study "Access to comprehensive rehabilitation services in Colombia: an approach from the concepts and practices of different social actors", and to describe the perception of comprehensive rehabilitation based on the opinions of different actors from a comprehensive perspective of disability. Material and methods: A descriptive and exploratory, qualitative study was conducted, taking into account multiple sources of evidence to identify the perceptions of actors responsible for formulating and implementing public policies (PP), academicians (A), professionals (P), representatives of social organizations (SO), service managers (SM), service managers and professionals in inclusive education (IE), persons with disabilities (PWD) and caregivers (C), involved in comprehensive rehabilitation in a Colombian city. 18 interviews with actors were conducted; six focus groups were developed. For data analysis, the Atlas ti(r) software, the agreement between judges and the analysis of narratives were considered. Results: Comprehensive rehabilitation is perceived differently by the actors, and three conceptions are relevant: it is a result of a functional rehabilitation process; it is a right, and it is also a guarantor of social inclusion. Conclusions: While there is diversity and dispersion in opinions on comprehensive rehabilitation, it will be difficult to conceive, implement, evaluate and actively participate in this process. Consequently, access barriers will increase and it will be far from understood as a right exercised from an integral vision of the human being. With this in mind, implications for academia, service providers and public policies are set.

Lógicas dominantes en la formulación de políticas y organización de servicios que inciden en el acceso a la rehabilitación integral / Dominant Logics at the Policy Making and Services Organization that Affect the Access to Comprehensive Rehabilitation / Lógicas dominantes na formulação de políticas e organização de serviços que incidem no acesso a reabilitação integral

Introducción: en Colombia, la reforma del sistema de salud generó inequidades en el acceso a los servicios, entre ellos la rehabilitación; escasa identificación de necesidades de la población y baja respuesta intersectorial a sus problemáticas. Metodología: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo-interpretativo, con enfoque cualitativo. Se desarrollaron dieciocho entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas y seis grupos focales con gestores, prestadores de servicios de rehabilitación, representantes de organizaciones sociales, académicos, cuidadores y pacientes. Resultados: se evidenció la ausencia de un enfoque de derechos, la focalización y el modelo de aseguramiento en salud como lógicas dominantes en la formulación de políticas. Existe una mirada reduccionista de la rehabilitación y modelos de organización de servicios con baja respuesta a las necesidades de la población con discapacidad. Conclusión: se plantea la necesidad de reconceptualizar el acceso a los servicios, reivindicar la rehabilitación como derecho y rediseñar modelos de organización de servicios.

Introduction: The health sector reform in Colombia, generated inequities in access to services, including rehabilitation; poor identification of population needs and low sectorial response to their problems. Metodology: An exploratory, descriptive-interpretative qualitative study was carried out. Individual semi-structured interviews and focus group were conducted to policy makers, providers, rehabilitation professionals, professors, social organizations, persons with disabilities and caregivers. Results: The absence of a rights approach, targeting and the model of health insurance, as dominant logics policy stands. There is a reductionist view of rehabilitation and services organization models with low response to the needs of people with disabilities. Conclusion: The need to reconceptualize access to services arises; rehabilitation is claimed as a right that demands redesign of services and organization models.

Introdução: Na Colômbia, a reforma do sistema de saúde gerou iniquidades no acesso aos serviços, entre eles a reabilitação; escassa identificação de necessidades da população e baixa resposta intersetorial a suas problemáticas. Metodologia: estudo exploratório, descritivo-interpretativo, com enfoque qualitativo. Desenvolveram-se 18 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas e 6 grupos focais com gestores, prestadores de serviços de reabilitação, representantes de organizações sociais, acadêmicos, cuidadores e pacientes. Resultados: se evidenciou a ausência de um enfoque de direitos, identificando a focalização e o modelo de asseguramento em saúde como lógicas dominantes na formulação de políticas. Existe um olhar reducionista da reabilitação e modelos de organização de serviços com baixa resposta às necessidades da população com deficiências. Conclusão: se propõe a necessidade de reconceituar o acesso aos serviços, reivindicar a reabilitação como direito e redesenhar modelos de organização de serviços.

Análisis de conceptos nucleares que fundamentan la normatividad de la educación inclusiva en Colombia / An analysis of core concepts that underlying inclusive education in Colombia

La presente investigación, buscó identificar los conceptos nucleares que subyacen el desarrollo normativo de la Educación Inclusiva en Colombia, de sus grandes hitos: la ley 115 de 1994 y la Ley 1618 de 2013, con el fin de problematizar las tendencias existentes y contrastarlas con las aspiraciones de la Convención Internacional sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad [CDPD], ratificada en Colombia mediante la ley 1346 de 2009. Dicha Convención encarna los ideales de Justicia, Igualdadd y Libertad para las Personas con Discapacidad. La ruta trabajada inició con una fase documental que arrojó un minucioso normograma de 1994 a 2013 compuesto por las leyes, decretos y resoluciones relacionadas con la educación inclusiva. Posteriormente, se replicó el instrumento de Turnbull y Stowe (2001), para el análisis de los conceptos nucleares de la normatividad identificada, adaptada por Moreno (2007). Adicionalmente, se complemen-tó este análisis con una encuesta a un grupo de docentes de colegios públicos rurales, lo cual confirmó el impacto de los términos que manejan los docentes para referirse a la población de estudio, en el marco de la normatividad colombiana. Por último, se realizó un aporte conceptual introduciendo algunas consideraciones para la futura implementación de la ley 1618 aplicando los principios de la Convención de Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad: libertad, justicia e igualdad, necesarias garantizar el derecho a la educación con calidad, para las niñas, niños y jóvenes con discapacidad

This research sought to identify the key concepts underlying the regulatory development of in-clusive education in Colombia, in two of its major milestones: Law 115 of 1994 and Law 1618 of 2013, in order to problematize existing trends and contrastthem with the aspirations of the Inter-national Convention about rights of people with disabilities [CRPD], ratified in Colombia by law 1346 of 2009. The Convention embodies the ideals of Justice, Equality and Freedom for people with disabilities.The route worked began with a documentary phase that showed a thorough nomogram from 1994 to 2013 consisting of laws, decrees and resolutions related to inclusive education; Subse-quently, R.H. Turnbull & M.J. Stowe (2001) instrument was replied, for analyzing nuclear con-cepts of identified regulations, adapted by Moreno (2007).In addition, this regulatory analysis was complemented with one survey on a group of teachers in rural public schools, which confirmed the impact of terms adopted by teachers when refe-ring to study population under Colombian regulations. Finally, a conceptual contribution was made by introducing some considerations for future implementation of the law 1618 applying the principles of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN (2008): freedom, justice and equality, necessary to ensure the right to quality education for children and youth with disabilities

Valoración ocupacional de las personas con discapacidad, desde la perspectiva de las capacidades humanas / An occupational evaluation of disabled people from a humanabilities' viewpoint

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el proceso de construcción de la herramienta denominada Valoración Ocupacional de las personas con discapacidad en Colombia. Método Estudiomultimétodos, constituido por cinco fases, acompañadas por una estrategia transversal acompañada de diversos actores. La primera fase se basó en revisión documental, la segunda en juicio de expertos, La tercera permitió la evaluación de la herramienta por pares. La cuarta fase consistió en una prueba piloto, y la quinta fase se dedicó a la socialización de las herramientas con los actores participantes, para conocer sus sugerencias para el ajuste final. Resultados Se construyó una herramienta para valorar ocupacionalmente a personas con discapacidad en Colombia, basada en el enfoque de las capacidades humanas y el funcionamiento y de competencias laborales generales para favorecer la inclusión laboral. Conclusiones Se cuenta con una herramienta que promueva la inclusión laborar de las personas con discapacidad, respondiendo a lo contemplado en la Ley 1346 de 2009, Ley 1618 de 2013 y lo planteado en la Convención Internacional de los Derechos de las Personas con discapacidad. No reemplaza a las herramientas existentes, pero si promueve una percepción más favorable de las personas con discapacidad, facilitando su inclusión laboral.

ABSTRACT Objective Describing how a tool was designed for assessing disabled people in Colombia (called "Occupational evaluation of handicapped people in Colombia"). Method This was a multi-method studywhich consisted of five phases and a stakeholder participation-based strategy. The first stage of the multi-method research involved a literature review followed by expert judgment and then peer assessment of the tool; the fourth stage involved a pilot study and and a basic training course in occupational assessment involved the tool's socialisation with actors working in the field of occupational assessment, taking their suggestions into account for final adjustment of the tool. Results A tool was developed for the occupational assessment of disabled people in Colombia which was based on identifying their capabilities in terms of performance and general work skills to promote their inclusion in the workforce. Conclusions Considering the Colombian state's responsibility for ensuring disabled people's right to work and their inclusion in the workforce (Law 1346/2009, Law 1618/2013 and Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD)), this tool will not replace existing ones but will promote a more favourable perception of disabled people, thereby facilitating their inclusion in the workforce.

Construcción de una herramienta para certificar la discapacidad en Colombia / Constructing a tool for certifying handicap / disability in Colombia

Objetivo Describir el proceso de construcción de una herramienta para la certificación de la condición de discapacidad en Colombia Método Se realiz- un estudio descriptivo, que por medio de una estrategia multimétodo busc- identificar desde diferentes perspectivas y con una metodolog’a participativa las necesidades, antecedentes, referentes, categorías, y procedimientos propicios para identificar y certificar la condición de discapacidad en un ciudadano colombiano. Resultados Una herramienta con la que el Sistema de Salud Colombiano y los profesionales del área de la salud pueden certificar la condición de discapacidad. Conclusiones La construcción de una herramienta que a través de la evaluación y certificación de la condición de discapacidad busca identificar a las personas con discapacidad como titulares de los derechos establecidos en la Ley, facilitando su acceso en condiciones de equidad, es una clara evidencia del compromiso del Estado Colombiano, de avanzar hacia una sociedad incluyente.

Objective Describing how a tool was created/constructed for certifying Colombian people's disability status. Method This was a descriptive study involving a five-phase, multi-method design. It sought to identify needs, background, categories and procedures from differingview points, using participatory methodology, for identifying and certifying disabled people in Colombia. Results The study led to an international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)-based certification tool which can be used by a multi-professional team in healthcare institution settings to guarantee access to benefits approved by Colombian disability law. Conclusions Certification (even when voluntary) can be the key to enjoying all the benefits designed for Colombian people suffering disability; such people are not the subjects of mercy and compassion anymore. Certification seeks to identify people suffering disabilities as holders of rights under Colombian law, as clear evidence of Colombian state commitment to ensuring an inclusive society.

[Constructing a tool for certifying handicap / disability in Colombia]. / Construcción de una herramienta para certificar la discapacidad en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Describing how a tool was created/constructed for certifying Colombian people's disability status. METHOD: This was a descriptive study involving a five-phase, multi-method design. It sought to identify needs, background, categories and procedures from differing view points, using participatory methodology, for identifying and certifying disabled people in Colombia. RESULTS: The study led to an international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)-based certification tool which can be used by a multi-professional team in healthcare institution settings to guarantee access to benefits approved by Colombian disability law. CONCLUSIONS: Certification (even when voluntary) can be the key to enjoying all the benefits designed for Colombian people suffering disability; such people are not the subjects of mercy and compassion anymore. Certification seeks to identify people suffering disabilities as holders of rights under Colombian law, as clear evidence of Colombian state commitment to ensuring an inclusive society.

[An occupational assessment of disabled people in Colombia: an exploratory analysis of ongoing practice]. / Estado de los procesos de valoración ocupacional de las personas con discapacidad en Colombia: un análisis exploratorio.

OBJECTIVE: This paper analyses a study of the current state of occupational assessment of disabled people; it took place in 14 public and private institutions involved in promoting the inclusion of this population in the workforce. The study was aimed at providing definitions, demonstrating the pertinent processes, instruments, professionals, stages of the process and support involved in helping disabled people to become included in the workforce. METHODOLOGY: The study involved a group of experts adopting a methodology which designed, implemented and analysed a data collection instrument seeking qualitative and quantitative data concerning target populations, assessment purposes, the instruments used, timing and other relevant factors for programmes aimed at disabled people becoming included in the workforce. The 14 Colombian institutions having most experience regarding this topic participated in the study (the oldest having 40 years' experience and the most recent 8 years in this field). RESULTS: The results indicated widespread heterogeneity regarding the occupational assessment components explored. It was found that the objectives proposed for each process differed, depending on each institution's philosophy and structure, the model's characteristics and those of the intraprofessional teams. They also highlighted the broad range of instruments and timing (i.e. 1 to 180 days) of sub-processes used as tools for occupational assessment (of the disabled). CONCLUSIONS: These findings constitute a foundation justifying the compilation of a Manual for the Occupational Assessment of Disabled People in Colombia, recognising accumulated cognitive, social and professional capital (i.e. established tradition in this field).

[An occupational evaluation of disabled people from a human abilities' viewpoint]. / Valoración ocupacional de las personas con discapacidad, desde la perspectiva de las capacidades humanas.

OBJECTIVE: Describing how a tool was designed for assessing disabled people in Colombia (called "Occupational evaluation of handicapped people in Colombia"). METHOD: This was a multi-method study which consisted of five phases and a stakeholder participation-based strategy. The first stage of the multi-method research involved a literature review followed by expert judgment and then peer assessment of the tool; the fourth stage involved a pilot study and and a basic training course in occupational assessment involved the tool's socialisation with actors working in the field of occupational assessment, taking their suggestions into account for final adjustment of the tool. RESULTS: A tool was developed for the occupational assessment of disabled people in Colombia which was based on identifying their capabilities in terms of performance and general work skills to promote their inclusion in the workforce. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the Colombian state's responsibility for ensuring disabled people's right to work and their inclusion in the workforce (Law 1346/2009, Law 1618/2013 and Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD)), this tool will not replace existing ones but will promote a more favourable perception of disabled people, thereby facilitating their inclusion in the workforce.

Cambios en la lcctura y la escritura de universtarios con el curso "comunicaciión oral y escrita / Changes in the reading and writing skills of new university students attending the "oral and written communication" course

Antecedentes. Los Estándares de Competencias del Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia y varias investigaciones en escritura muestran que los procesos lectores y escritores de los estudiantes al comienzo de la universidad deben permitirles producir textos argumentativos completos, comprender textos académicos complejos y detectar aciertos y fallas en los argumentos de textos leídos. Otros estudios muestran que esto no siempre sucede y por eso es necesario fortalecer los procesos de aprendizaje de la lengua materna y de comprensión del lenguaje académico oral y escrito en estos estudiantes. Objetivo. Evaluar el cambio en estudiantes iniciantes de diferentes sedes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en el curso "Comunicación oral y escrita" en comprensión inferencial de lectura, reconocimiento de argumentos, escritura de reseñas y escritura de textos argumentativos. Material y métodos. Participaron 78 estudiantes de primer semestre por medio de un cuestionario realizado antes y después del curso "Comunicación oral y escrita" y de la calificación independiente del texto final. Resultados. Los desempeños mejoraron a lo largo del curso en todas las áreas, especialmente en dos de las cuatro sedes de la universidad en las cuales se imparte el curso. Discusión. Los resultados se discutieron a la luz de los diferentes procesos implicados en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de las sedes participantes.

Background. Colombian Ministry of Education competency standards and several pieces of research regarding writing have shown that students' reading and writing skills, when they begin their university courses, should allow them to produce complete argumentative texts, understand complex academic texts and detect correct responses and flaws in the arguments being presented in the texts which they must read. Other studies have shown that this does not always happen and thus efforts must be made to strengthen these students' learning of the mother tongue and their understanding of oral and written academic language. Objective. Evaluating the change in new students from different Universidad Nacional de Colombia sites taking the "oral and written communication" course regarding inferential understanding of reading, recognising arguments, writing reviews and writing argumentative texts. Materials and Methods. 78 first-semester students participated by means of a questionnaire taken before and after taking the "oral and written communication" course and independent rating of a final text. Results. Students' performance improved throughout the course in all areas, especially in two of the university's four sites offering the course. Discussion. The results were discussed regarding the different processes involved in the learning of the students from the participating sites.

[Environmental factors and vocal habits regarding pre-school teachers and functionaries suffering voice disorders]. / Factores ambientales y hábitos vocales en docentes y funcionarios de pre-escolar con alteraciones de voz.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the relationship between vocal habits and environmental/ occupational conditions with the presence of vocal disturbance (dysphonia) in teachers and functionaries working at community-based, initial childhood education centres (kindergartens). METHOD: This was a descriptive study which adopted across-sectional approach using 198 participants which was developed in three phases. Phase 1: consisted of identifying participants having the highest risk of presenting vocal disturbance. Phase 2consisted of observation-analysis concerning the voice use and vocal habits of participants who had been identified in phase 1. Phase 3consisted of perceptual and computational assessment of participants' voices using Wilson's vocal profile and the multidimensional voice program. RESULTS: Individuals having pitch breaks, throat clearing, increased voice intensity, and gastro-oesophageal reflux were found to present below standard fundamental frequency (FF). Subjects having altered breathing and increased voice intensity were identified as having above standard shimmer and jitter acoustic values. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of inability to work was found due to vocal disturbance. It is thus suggested that there is a correlation between vocal habits and vocal disorders presented by preschool teachers in kindergarten settings.

Factores ambientales y hábitos vocales en docentes y funcionarios de pre-escolar con alteraciones de voz / Environmental factors and vocal habits regarding pre-school teachers and functionaries suffering voice disorders

Objetivo Determinar la relación existente entre los hábitos vocales y condiciones ambientales/ ocupacionales, con la presencia de alteraciones vocales (disfonía) en docentes y funcionarios de centros sociales de educación inicial. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal en una población de 198 sujetos, que se llevó a cabo en tres fases. Fase 1: Identificación de los sujetos con mayor riesgo de presentar una alteración vocal. Fase 2: Observación-análisis del uso de la voz y los hábitos vocales de los sujetos identificados en la fase 1. Fase 3: Evaluación perceptual y computarizada de la voz, a través del Perfil Vocal de Wilson y el Multidimensional Voice Program, respectivamente. Resultados Se encontró que sujetos con quiebres tonales, carraspera, intensidad de la voz aumentada y reflujo gastroesofágico presentaron una frecuencia fundamental (Fo) por debajo de la norma. Aquellos con respiración alterada e intensidad de la voz aumentada, mostraron tener los valores acústicos de Shimmer y Jitter por encima de la norma. Conclusiones Existe un alto índice de incapacidad laboral a causa de alteraciones vocales. Se sugiere relación entre los hábitos laborales a los que están expuestas las educadoras iniciales y la existencia de alteraciones vocales.

Objective Determining the relationship between vocal habits and environmental/ occupational conditions with the presence of vocal disturbance (dysphonia) in teachers and functionaries working at community-based, initial childhood education centres (kindergartens). Method This was a descriptive study which adopted across-sectional approach using 198 participants which was developed in three phases. Phase 1: consisted of identifying participants having the highest risk of presenting vocal disturbance. Phase 2consisted of observation-analysis concerning the voice use and vocal habits of participants who had been identified in phase 1. Phase 3consisted of perceptual and computational assessment of participants' voices using Wilson's vocal profile and the multidimensional voice program. Results Individuals having pitch breaks, throat clearing, increased voice intensity, and gastro-oesophageal reflux were found to present below standard fundamental frequency (FF). Subjects having altered breathing and increased voice intensity were identified as having above standard shimmer and jitter acoustic values. Conclusions A high rate of inability to work was found due to vocal disturbance. It is thus suggested that there is a correlation between vocal habits and vocal disorders presented by preschool teachers in kindergarten settings.

Modelo de comunicación desde una perspectiva social, orientado a la actividad física / Design of a communicative model from a social perspective oriented to the physical activity case

Objetivo: Se diseñó y aplicó un modelo de comunicación, en el contexto de una Red aplicada a tres regiones de Colombia, Bogotá, Antioquia y Quindío, basado en el enfoque macrointencional, dirigido a afianzar la comprensión del tema de actividad física en los actores relacionados con el tema desde una interpretación multidimensional. Métodos Se definieron poblaciones objetivo y se conformaron equipos de trabajo durante un proceso de tres meses, basados en tres estrategias: producción social, transmisión y democratización. Resultados Se desarrollaron mensajes basados en la construcción de los productores sociales; se ampliaron los conceptos iniciales relacionados con cuerpo, autocuidado, actividad física y salud. Conclusiones Los modelos de comunicación en salud, que se orientan al desarrollo de habilidades personales en relación con la capacidad de comunicar y construir sentidos compartidos, permiten apropiación y recordación de mensajes en salud. El modelo es una estrategia de comunicación que afianza la construcción compartida de mensajes en salud. Este enfoque exige el desarrollo de acciones locales y el fomento de la capacidad organizacional comunitaria.

Objective: A communication model was designed and put into practice, in the form of a Network throughout three regions in Colombia; Bogotá, Antioquia and Quindío. Based on a macro-intentional model, this network was aimed at strengthening understanding around the subject of physical activity among those people affected by the issue, from a multidimensional perspective. Methods The test population was defined and working groups were formed around three strategies: social production, transmission and democratization, during a three-month period. Results Messages were developed based around the ideas of the community producers themselves; the initial concepts were widened to include the body, self care, physical activity and health. Conclusions Communication models related to health, aimed at developing personal skills including the ability to communicate and build shared experience, can be assimilated and incorporated into broadcasts on health issues. This model serves as a communication strategy which strengthens the building of shared broadcasts on health issues. This kind of focus requires the development of local activity and capacity-building within the community.